GOVERNMENT OBJ:
1-10: BBBDEEEAAC
11-20: CCEBEEEAEA
21-30: EDABBBEDDC
31-40: ADDBEDEBEB
41-50: BCADEEABDC
51-60: DAECDDDBDE
=====================
*1a*
Capitalism is an economic system in which capital goods are owned by
private individuals or businesses. The production of goods and services is
based on supply and demand in the general market ( market economy),
rather than through central planning (planned economy or command
economy).
*(1b)*
(i) *Right of private Property*
(i) Every individual has the right to accumulate property, (ii) An individual
is free to use his property according to his will and (iii) Right of inheritance,
i.e., after death of an individual his property goes to his successors.
(ii) *Price mechanism:*
Price mechanism means the free working of the forces of demand and supply
to determine, prices in product market and factor market.
(iii) *Profit motive*
Profit is the soul of all the institutions of capitalist system. A capitalistic
economy is individualistic because everyone is motivated by self-interest or
private profit motive to undertake high risks.
(iv) *Freedom of enterprise:*
There is freedom of enterprise in a capitalist economy. It means people are
free to choose their occupation, profession or business according to their will.
(v) *Consumer’s sovereignty*:
In a capitalist economy people have freedom of consumption. They can
spend their income on consumption according to their choice.
=========================
2a) Constitutional government is defined by the existence of a constitution—
which may be a legal instrument or merely a set of fixed norms or principles
generally accepted as the fundamental law of the polity—that effectively
controls the exercise of political power.
2b
1. Indispensable for Administration:
Constitution is indispensable f administration of state. Administration would
not be smooth, fair and efficient in the absence of a constitution. The
constitution is a record of the state providing for rule of law.
2. Empowerment of state:
The constitution gives powers and strength to the state and government.
3. Establishment of values and Ideals:
Every constitution aims at establishing values and ideals. These ideals may
include democracy, freedom or liberty, welfare people, equality and justice.
The ideas, values and goals of a constitution may be stated clearly or
impliedly, of the goals of India is establishment of socialism. This has been
clearly stated in preamble of the constitution. The interests of rich Americans
have been protected b American constitution.
4. Shows Path and Direction to Government:
The constitution is blue print governance. It is the duty of government to
follow this blue print . The constitution shows direction to the government. The
government is likely to reach its goal if it proceeds in that direction. The
constitution advises the government to avoid disputes, and also to disputes.
5. Makes Government Stable and Disciplined :
If the different organs of govern perform their functions according to the
provisions of the constitution, the government will be effective and stable.
The constitution has also fixed the limits of powers of to organs of government .
They cannot cross these limits. As a result of this, there prevails discipline in
the government.
SECTION B
5)
(i)Problem of finance
The British West African territory was a vast area and therefore to employ
British personnel from the Metropolis to effectively administer it needed a lot of
money to execute. The personnel had to travritain and be accommodated in
the colonies. It was thought that the funds needed to do this were too huge to
find. That was why they use of local people to accomplish the job.
(ii).Lack of personnel
Even if the funds were there to pay the personnel, the personnel themselves
were not availing themselves to be employed. The average British saw the
colonies as a harsh environment where they could die of malaria or other
diseases so they were unwilling to come and work there. This created the
shortage of critical personnel in the colonies. The British were therefore forced
to use local people, leading to the adoption of Indirect Rule.
(iii).Language barrier
The British could not speak the local language of the people and majority of
the people could not speak English. There was therefore a communications
problem. It was thought that getting a few people local people who could
speak both English and the local language could solve the problem. The was
the introduction of Rule.
(iv) .Poor road network
The road network was not well developed at the time therefore the colonialists could not easily travel from place to place to proper supervision.
Communication systems like telephones were also not very common back
then so the only way out was to let the natives themselves do the work. This
was another reason for the introduction of indirect Rule.
(v)A successful administrative system was already in place
In Northern Nigeria, where the system was first introduced , there already
existed a centralized system of administration, coupled with an efficient
system of tax collection. So the British just adopted what was already there
and used it to achieve their purpose.
(vi) Success of the system elsewhere
By the time Lord Luggard was introducing the system of indirect rule in
Northern Nigeria, the system had already been successfully practiced in India
and Uganda. The experiences gathered in India and Uganda convinced
Lord Luggard that Indirect Rule could thrive in West Africa.
======================
(
(i)Common language:-Through there are variations in Igbo language, but
all the communities that made up IBO land understood themselves and that
helped to bring them together as one entity
(ii)Age Grades:-These age grades carry out a lot of uniting work
,maintained peace and order,acted as army that warded off external attack
,saw to the sanitation of the communities etc
(iii)Marriage:-The various communities in the pre colonial era widened the
scope of unity and co operation among the various communities that inter –
married
(iv) Supreme God:-The Ibos believed in the supreme God called Chukwu or
Chineke who made everything in the world and that it was equally
responsible for the happening of every event in their societies
(v)Trade:-The various communities in iboland had rotatory form of markets
and people moved from one community to another to trade and this acted as
a unifying factor.
=========================
(9)
(i)Ethnicity In Nigeria (as in many parts of Africa), political conflicts
often have ethnic coloration.
(ii)Military Involvement in Politics Nigeria’s political instability could be
traced to the frequent
military involvement in politics since January 15th, 1966.
(iii)Leadership Failure
Nigeria’s political instability and other related problems are a consequence of
its leadership crises. Nigerian governments are run in ways that have been
regarded as far from the modern western state systems upon which they are
modelled.
(iv) Interests of the International Community Political instability in Nigeria
owe much of its cause to
internal factors, however the interplay of internal and external factors
especially geo-political and economic interests of the international
community constantly play a significant role in undermining the very
processes and institutions that are
expected to nurture democracy and to instill a sense of stability for societal
development in Nigeria.
(v)Issue of Money and Politics in Nigeria
Another root of political instability is the issue of money and politics in Nigeria. In a civilized society, money is not a determining factor for
elective post.=====================
*1a*
Capitalism is an economic system in which capital goods are owned by
private individuals or businesses. The production of goods and services is
based on supply and demand in the general market ( market economy),
rather than through central planning (planned economy or command
economy).
*(1b)*
(i) *Right of private Property*
(i) Every individual has the right to accumulate property, (ii) An individual
is free to use his property according to his will and (iii) Right of inheritance,
i.e., after death of an individual his property goes to his successors.
(ii) *Price mechanism:*
Price mechanism means the free working of the forces of demand and supply
to determine, prices in product market and factor market.
(iii) *Profit motive*
Profit is the soul of all the institutions of capitalist system. A capitalistic
economy is individualistic because everyone is motivated by self-interest or
private profit motive to undertake high risks.
(iv) *Freedom of enterprise:*
There is freedom of enterprise in a capitalist economy. It means people are
free to choose their occupation, profession or business according to their will.
(v) *Consumer’s sovereignty*:
In a capitalist economy people have freedom of consumption. They can
spend their income on consumption according to their choice.
=========================
2a) Constitutional government is defined by the existence of a constitution—
which may be a legal instrument or merely a set of fixed norms or principles
generally accepted as the fundamental law of the polity—that effectively
controls the exercise of political power.
2b
1. Indispensable for Administration:
Constitution is indispensable f administration of state. Administration would
not be smooth, fair and efficient in the absence of a constitution. The
constitution is a record of the state providing for rule of law.
2. Empowerment of state:
The constitution gives powers and strength to the state and government.
3. Establishment of values and Ideals:
Every constitution aims at establishing values and ideals. These ideals may
include democracy, freedom or liberty, welfare people, equality and justice.
The ideas, values and goals of a constitution may be stated clearly or
impliedly, of the goals of India is establishment of socialism. This has been
clearly stated in preamble of the constitution. The interests of rich Americans
have been protected b American constitution.
4. Shows Path and Direction to Government:
The constitution is blue print governance. It is the duty of government to
follow this blue print . The constitution shows direction to the government. The
government is likely to reach its goal if it proceeds in that direction. The
constitution advises the government to avoid disputes, and also to disputes.
5. Makes Government Stable and Disciplined :
If the different organs of govern perform their functions according to the
provisions of the constitution, the government will be effective and stable.
The constitution has also fixed the limits of powers of to organs of government .
They cannot cross these limits. As a result of this, there prevails discipline in
the government.
SECTION B
5)
(i)Problem of finance
The British West African territory was a vast area and therefore to employ
British personnel from the Metropolis to effectively administer it needed a lot of
money to execute. The personnel had to travritain and be accommodated in
the colonies. It was thought that the funds needed to do this were too huge to
find. That was why they use of local people to accomplish the job.
(ii).Lack of personnel
Even if the funds were there to pay the personnel, the personnel themselves
were not availing themselves to be employed. The average British saw the
colonies as a harsh environment where they could die of malaria or other
diseases so they were unwilling to come and work there. This created the
shortage of critical personnel in the colonies. The British were therefore forced
to use local people, leading to the adoption of Indirect Rule.
(iii).Language barrier
The British could not speak the local language of the people and majority of
the people could not speak English. There was therefore a communications
problem. It was thought that getting a few people local people who could
speak both English and the local language could solve the problem. The was
the introduction of Rule.
(iv) .Poor road network
The road network was not well developed at the time therefore the colonialists could not easily travel from place to place to proper supervision.
Communication systems like telephones were also not very common back
then so the only way out was to let the natives themselves do the work. This
was another reason for the introduction of indirect Rule.
(v)A successful administrative system was already in place
In Northern Nigeria, where the system was first introduced , there already
existed a centralized system of administration, coupled with an efficient
system of tax collection. So the British just adopted what was already there
and used it to achieve their purpose.
(vi) Success of the system elsewhere
By the time Lord Luggard was introducing the system of indirect rule in
Northern Nigeria, the system had already been successfully practiced in India
and Uganda. The experiences gathered in India and Uganda convinced
Lord Luggard that Indirect Rule could thrive in West Africa.
======================
(
(i)Common language:-Through there are variations in Igbo language, but
all the communities that made up IBO land understood themselves and that
helped to bring them together as one entity
(ii)Age Grades:-These age grades carry out a lot of uniting work
,maintained peace and order,acted as army that warded off external attack
,saw to the sanitation of the communities etc
(iii)Marriage:-The various communities in the pre colonial era widened the
scope of unity and co operation among the various communities that inter –
married
(iv) Supreme God:-The Ibos believed in the supreme God called Chukwu or
Chineke who made everything in the world and that it was equally
responsible for the happening of every event in their societies
(v)Trade:-The various communities in iboland had rotatory form of markets
and people moved from one community to another to trade and this acted as
a unifying factor.
=========================
(9)
(i)Ethnicity In Nigeria (as in many parts of Africa), political conflicts
often have ethnic coloration.
(ii)Military Involvement in Politics Nigeria’s political instability could be
traced to the frequent
military involvement in politics since January 15th, 1966.
(iii)Leadership Failure
Nigeria’s political instability and other related problems are a consequence of
its leadership crises. Nigerian governments are run in ways that have been
regarded as far from the modern western state systems upon which they are
modelled.
(iv) Interests of the International Community Political instability in Nigeria
owe much of its cause to
internal factors, however the interplay of internal and external factors
especially geo-political and economic interests of the international
community constantly play a significant role in undermining the very
processes and institutions that are
expected to nurture democracy and to instill a sense of stability for societal
development in Nigeria.
(v)Issue of Money and Politics in Nigeria
Another root of political instability is the issue of money and politics in Nigeria. In a civilized society, money is not a determining factor for
elective post.