Author Topic: CORRECT: 2025 NECO HISTORY ANSWERS (OBJ & ESSAY) (Read 10856 times)

MANDINHO · « **on:** June 24, 2025, 08:15:36 pm »

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MANDINHO · « **Reply #1 on:** June 25, 2025, 04:01:51 pm »

NECO HISTORY ANSWERS

HISTORY OBJ!
01-10: CBADBDCADB
11-20: ADDBBECCDA
21-30: CDBCCDEBBB
31-40: ACABACEACA
41-50: DAEDCEAACE
51-60: BCABDACDCB

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(1)
(i) Religious Movements and the Sokoto Jihad:
Usman dan Fodio’s 1804 jihad united fragmented Hausa states under the Sokoto Caliphate, establishing a centralised Islamic state governed by Sharia law. This religious movement provided a strong unifying ideology and political authority. The jihad framed itself as a battle against un-Islamic practices, appealing to the Fulani and others seeking religious reform and conquest. The Caliphate’s imposition of Islamic law transformed local customs and created a new political and religious community that transcended previous ethnic divisions.

(ii) Political Ambition and Military Conquest:
Military strength enabled the Fulani to conquer and unify diverse groups. The establishment of a disciplined army allowed rulers to expand territory, impose order, and delegate authority while maintaining central control. The Caliphate’s military was based on highly mobile cavalry forces that revolutionised warfare in the region, enabling rapid and effective campaigns. This military organisation also relied on a feudal system where emirs mobilised local forces, ensuring both offensive and defensive capabilities.

(iii) Economic Control and Trade:
Control of trade routes and taxation enriched states like Sokoto, funding administration and military. The shift from slave trade to legitimate commerce encouraged more stable, centralised governance. The Caliphate’s dominance over trans-Saharan trade routes allowed it to collect significant revenue through taxes and tariffs, which sustained its institutions. However, economic decline later weakened the Caliphate as European opposition to slavery reduced slave trade revenues, contributing to internal instability.

(iv) Administrative and Bureaucratic Organisation:
Centralised states developed hierarchical bureaucracies for efficient tax collection, law enforcement, and governance, linking local officials to central rulers. The Sokoto Caliphate implemented a system of emirates, each governed by an emir who answered to the Sultan, creating a federated yet centralised structure. The Caliphate also practised separation of powers among executive, judiciary, and military branches, with checks and balances designed to prevent abuse of power and ensure justice.

(v) Social and Cultural Integration:
Islam created a shared identity, transcending ethnic divisions, and promoted education and reforms that legitimised rulers and strengthened central authority. The Caliphate fostered Quranic education and Islamic scholarship, which helped unify diverse populations under a common religious and cultural framework. Social reforms introduced by the jihad leaders curtailed practices deemed un-Islamic, reinforcing the new order and creating a cohesive social hierarchy.

(vi) Environmental and Geographic Factors:
Fertile lands and accessible routes supported large populations, agriculture, and troop movements, facilitating effective control and state sustainability. The savannah environment of northern Nigeria allowed for productive farming and cattle rearing, providing food surpluses to sustain urban centres and armies. Geographic features also enabled communication and military mobility, which were crucial for maintaining control over the widespread emirates.

(vii) Decline of Older Political Structures:
The collapse and disunity of Hausa city-states created a power vacuum that Usman dan Fodio’s jihad exploited to establish a new centralised political order. The Hausa kingdoms were weakened by internal conflicts and corruption, making them vulnerable to the Fulani-led jihad. This decline allowed the Caliphate to impose a new political and religious system that replaced fragmented rule with a more centralised administration.
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(2)
The socio-political organisation of the Isoko people in the Niger Delta before the 19th century was characterised by autonomous local communities structured around clans and family groups rather than a centralised political system. The Isoko inhabited the western part of the Niger Delta and consisted of nineteen clans, each with its own leadership and social institutions, maintaining independence from one another.

Political authority was largely vested in clan elders and family heads who acted as custodians of tradition, religion, and justice. These elders represented ancestral spirits and the supreme deity Oghene, serving as both religious and political leaders in their communities. Decision-making was communal, with elders and titled men forming councils that guided governance, conflict resolution, and social order.

The Isoko social structure was patrilineal, with extended families living in compounds and grouped into wards within villages. Villages were compact settlements usually under 500 people, where age grades played important roles: young men performed communal labor, adult men were responsible for defense and executive duties, while older men formed the ruling council. Women also had organised age grades, controlling fertility rituals and market activities, which were vital to social and economic life.

Religious beliefs and practices were central to Isoko socio-political life. The people worshipped Oghene, the creator god, and venerated ancestors who were believed to intercede on their behalf. Oracles, such as the Eni Oracle of Uzere, played a significant role in mediating disputes and maintaining social cohesion. Rituals, festivals, and consultations with diviners reinforced communal bonds and legitimised authority.

Economically, the Isoko were primarily farmers and fishermen, with farming focused on cassava, yams, maize, and other crops, while riverine clans relied heavily on fishing. Local trade was mostly barter-based between clans and families, supporting social interactions and alliances. The absence of a centralised political authority meant that economic and political relations with neighbours like the Urhobo, Ijaw, and Aboh were managed through diplomacy, intermarriage, and occasional conflict.

Overall, pre-19th century Isoko society was decentralised, with power dispersed among clan elders and councils, deeply intertwined with religious institutions and cultural practices. This system emphasised unity through shared customs and religion rather than political centralisation, allowing for peaceful coexistence and cooperation with neighbouring groups in the Niger Delta.
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(3)
The commercial relations between Europe and Nigerian societies before 1800 had profound and multifaceted impacts on Nigeria’s social, political, and economic structures.

Firstly, the early trade contacts, beginning with the Portuguese in the 15th century, introduced new goods such as cloth, copper, brass, and firearms to Nigerian societies, which altered local economies and social relations. European demand for commodities like ivory, palm oil, and especially slaves, integrated Nigerian communities into the trans-Atlantic trade network, stimulating production and competition among local polities to control trade routes and resources.

Secondly, the trans-Atlantic slave trade profoundly affected Nigerian societies by causing population displacements and social disruptions. Many communities became involved in capturing and selling slaves, which intensified warfare, raiding, and political rivalries, particularly in coastal and hinterland regions. The slave trade also led to the rise of powerful trading centers and coastal kingdoms such as Benin, Lagos, and the Niger Delta city-states, which gained wealth and influence by controlling European trade.

Thirdly, European trade introduced new currencies and exchange systems, such as manillas and copper rods, which affected indigenous economic practices and social status. These new trade currencies sometimes altered traditional wealth distribution and social hierarchies within communities.

Fourthly, the increasing European presence and commercial interests led to the establishment of trading posts and courts to regulate disputes, marking the beginning of European political influence in the region. British consuls and courts, such as those at Bonny and Calabar, gradually asserted authority over trade and local rulers, laying groundwork for later colonial control.

Finally, the shift from the slave trade to “legitimate” commerce in palm oil, rubber, and other products in the late 18th and early 19th centuries began to transform Nigerian economies. This shift encouraged deeper European penetration into the hinterland, stimulated capitalist development, and altered social and political dynamics by fostering new economic elites and changing patterns of production and trade.

In conclusion, before 1800, European commercial relations with Nigeria integrated local societies into global trade networks, disrupted traditional social and political systems through the slave trade, introduced new economic practices, and initiated European political influence that would expand in the following century.
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(4)
(i) Overthrow of existing rulers: Usman Dan Fodio’s Jihad led to the fall of many Hausa kings who were seen as corrupt and un-Islamic. These rulers were replaced by Fulani emirs who pledged allegiance to the Sokoto Caliphate, resulting in a major political transformation across Hausaland.

(ii) Creation of the Sokoto Caliphate: One of the most significant effects of the Jihad was the establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate, a large and centralized Islamic empire that brought various Hausa states under one religious and political authority. This promoted greater unity among the previously fragmented territories.

(iii) Spread of Islam: The Jihad led to the widespread adoption of Islam in Hausaland. Islamic education, culture, and legal systems were promoted, with Sharia (Islamic law) becoming the basis for governance in many areas under the Caliphate's control.

(iv) Reform of governance and justice: The Caliphate introduced Islamic administrative systems and legal reforms aimed at ensuring justice, morality, and accountability. Courts were established based on Islamic principles, and rulers were expected to lead according to Islamic values.

(v) Changes in social structure: The Jihad reduced the influence of traditional Hausa nobility and elevated the Fulani scholars and warriors who led the Islamic movement. Social mobility became possible for those who demonstrated religious knowledge and piety, regardless of ethnic background.

(vi) Impact on neighboring regions: The success of the Jihad inspired similar Islamic movements in other parts of West Africa. It also led to the expansion of trade, education, and diplomatic relations between Hausaland and surrounding Islamic states, spreading the influence of the Sokoto Caliphate beyond its borders.
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(5)
(i) Strategic location: Ibadan was situated in a fertile and defensible area, ideal for agriculture and trade. Its position between the northern savannah and southern forest zones made it a key center for commerce and military operations, attracting people and resources.

(ii) Military strength and organization: The city was founded by warriors and developed into a strong military state. Its well-organized army, led by war generals known as Baloguns, enabled it to conquer neighboring territories and defend against external threats, expanding its influence in Yorubaland.

(iii) Collapse of older Yoruba kingdoms: The fall of powerful kingdoms like Oyo due to internal crises and external attacks created a power vacuum. Ibadan emerged as a new center of authority by absorbing refugees, warriors, and administrators from these collapsed states, boosting its population and leadership capacity.

(iv) Effective political structure: Ibadan’s unique political system, which combined military leadership with a council of elders, ensured stability and effective governance. Power was shared among war chiefs, promoting collective decision-making and preventing tyranny.

(v) Control of trade routes: Ibadan dominated important trade routes linking Yorubaland to the north and south. By securing these routes, it became a hub for the exchange of goods such as kola nuts, palm oil, and imported items, increasing its wealth and regional importance.

(vi) Absorption of skilled migrants: The city attracted a diverse population of artisans, traders, farmers, and scholars fleeing wars elsewhere in Yorubaland. This influx of talent and labor contributed to Ibadan’s economic growth, cultural richness, and political stability, solidifying its status as a major power.
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(6)
(i) Economic interests: The British were eager to gain direct control over trade in the Benin region, especially the palm oil trade, which was vital to their industrial economy. Benin's refusal to open its markets freely to British merchants created tensions, as the British sought to eliminate restrictions and monopolize commerce.

(ii) Resistance to British influence: The Oba of Benin firmly resisted British interference in the kingdom's internal affairs. He rejected treaties and limited British presence in his territory, which was seen as a challenge to British imperial authority and their goal of expanding colonial control in West Africa.

(iii) Strategic colonial expansion: Britain aimed to consolidate its control over southern Nigeria and establish a continuous territory under its rule. Conquering Benin was seen as essential for connecting other colonial territories and strengthening administrative control in the Niger Delta region.

(iv) Misrepresentation of events: The British used the ambush of a British-led delegation in 1897 as justification for military intervention. Although the Oba had warned against the visit due to ongoing sacred rituals, the incident was portrayed as an unprovoked attack, giving the British a pretext for invasion.

(v) Desire to eliminate slavery and human sacrifice: British colonial propaganda emphasized the need to end practices such as slavery and human sacrifice in Benin. These moral arguments were used to gain support for the conquest, though economic and political motives were the primary drivers.

(vi) Use of superior military technology: The British had advanced weaponry and well-trained forces, which they used to overpower Benin’s traditional army. Their military advantage made the conquest swift and decisive, allowing them to capture the city, depose the Oba, and annex the kingdom into the British Empire.
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(7)
(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) Monetization of the economy: Colonial rule introduced a cash economy that replaced traditional systems of exchange. Nigerians were compelled to earn money to pay taxes, forcing them to work in colonial enterprises such as mining and plantation agriculture, which extracted natural resources for export.

(ii) Establishment of cash crop agriculture: The colonial government promoted the large-scale cultivation of export-oriented crops such as cocoa, groundnuts, cotton, and palm produce. This shift in agricultural focus benefited European industries while reducing the attention given to food crop production for local consumption.

(iii) Development of extractive industries: The colonial administration invested in mining operations, especially in tin, coal, and later oil. These industries were structured to serve British industrial needs, with raw materials exported and little effort made to develop local processing or manufacturing.

(iv) Construction of transport infrastructure: Railways, roads, and ports were built mainly to facilitate the movement of raw materials from the interior to coastal areas for export. These projects were not designed to connect Nigerian communities or promote internal economic development, but rather to support resource extraction.

(v) Land alienation: Traditional land tenure systems were disrupted as colonial authorities took control of land for commercial farming, mining, and infrastructure. Indigenous communities lost access to fertile land and natural resources, which were redirected to serve colonial economic interests.

(vi) Imposition of forced labor: In many parts of Nigeria, colonial authorities used coercion and forced labor to build infrastructure and work on plantations or in mines. This system drained human resources and contributed to the extraction of natural wealth under exploitative conditions.

(vii) Colonial taxation policies: The introduction of taxes, such as hut and head taxes, compelled Nigerians to work in colonial enterprises to earn cash. This labor was often directed toward sectors that exploited natural resources for export, further integrating the local economy into the global capitalist system.

(viii) Neglect of local industries: Colonial policies discouraged the development of indigenous industries that could compete with British goods. Natural resources were exported raw, and finished products were imported from Britain, ensuring that value addition and industrial benefits remained outside Nigeria.
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(
(i) Republican status: The 1963 Constitution marked Nigeria’s transition from a constitutional monarchy to a republic. It removed the British monarch as head of state and replaced the Governor-General with a Nigerian President, who served as a ceremonial head of state, symbolizing full political independence.

(ii) Federal system of government: The Constitution maintained a federal structure with clear divisions of powers between the central government and the regions. Each region, Northern, Western, Mid-Western, and Eastern, retained autonomy over matters like education, health, and local governance, while the federal government managed defense, foreign affairs, and currency.

(iii) Parliamentary system: Nigeria continued to operate under a parliamentary system of government. The Prime Minister, who was the head of government, was chosen from the majority party in the federal House of Representatives and held executive powers, while the President performed mainly ceremonial duties.

(iv) Bicameral legislature: The Constitution provided for a two-chamber National Assembly consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. This bicameral structure ensured representation of both regional and national interests in the lawmaking process.

(v) Judicial independence: The Constitution established a Supreme Court as the highest court of appeal, with powers to interpret the Constitution and ensure justice. Judges were appointed independently, reinforcing the principle of separation of powers and protecting the judiciary from political interference.

(vi) Citizenship and fundamental rights: The Constitution defined Nigerian citizenship and guaranteed fundamental human rights such as freedom of speech, religion, movement, and protection from discrimination. These provisions aimed to promote national unity and protect individual liberties within the diverse Nigerian society.
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(9)
(i) Formation of political parties: Nigerian nationalists established political parties to mobilize support and challenge colonial rule. These parties, such as the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) and later the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), served as platforms for demanding self-governance and organizing political activities across the country.

(ii) Use of the press: Nationalists used newspapers and journals to educate the public, criticize colonial policies, and spread nationalist ideas. Publications written in both English and local languages helped raise political awareness and unify diverse groups around the goal of independence.

(iii) Petitions and constitutional negotiations: Nationalist leaders engaged in formal dialogue with the British government through petitions and participation in constitutional conferences. They used these forums to demand gradual constitutional reforms that expanded Nigerian participation in governance.

(iv) Public protests and rallies: Organized demonstrations, rallies, and strikes were used to express mass dissatisfaction with colonial rule. These peaceful protests often involved students, workers, and market women, showing broad-based support for the nationalist cause and pressuring colonial authorities.

(v) Educational campaigns: Nationalists promoted education as a tool for liberation. They established schools and supported learning as a means to empower Nigerians intellectually and politically, creating a class of educated citizens who could challenge colonial dominance.

(vi) Collaboration and alliances: Nationalist leaders formed coalitions and alliances across ethnic and regional lines to present a united front. Despite ideological differences, they worked together in conferences and political movements to demand greater autonomy and eventually full independence from British rule.
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Author Topic: CORRECT: 2025 NECO HISTORY ANSWERS (OBJ & ESSAY) (Read 10856 times)

MANDINHO

CORRECT: 2025 NECO HISTORY ANSWERS (OBJ & ESSAY)

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